Словенский: gaґbati `be in need, starve, be lost, die' [verb], ga?bam [1sg]
Болгарский: gaґbam `grieve' [verb]
Индоевропейская форма: *ghЎbh-
Общая заметка: LIV classifies *gabati from *ghebh- `fassen, nehmen; geben', from which it also derives Skt. gaґbhasti- `hand', Go. giban `give', Lith. gebe•ґti `be able', gabeґnti `transport, remove'. LIV also has a root *gґheHb- `ergreifen, nehmen', which is claimed to be represented in Italo-Celtic only, e.g. Lat. habЊre, OIr. gaibid `take seize'. To a certain extent this classification seems abitrary. Mamy forms could be derived from a root *ghabh- (the Germanic verb may contain the prefix *ga- and therefore be unrelated) instead.
Общая заметка: The root of *gadati, which seems to have lengthened grade, could be regarded as a variant of *gwet, cf. the synonymous -> *gѓta°ti, Go. qi±an `say, speak'. Late Vedic gaґdati `say, speak' may have originated from *gat- as a "Reimbildung" after vaґdati (Mayrhofer KEWA: 318), which renders a direct comparison with *gadati doubtful (pace ESSJa s.v.). More convincing than the suggested connection with *gwet- is the etymology that links *gadati to OIc. gaґta `get, learn, guess', Gk. candŽnw `contain', Lat. prehendЎ `take, seize' < *ghed-. Finally, a connection with -> *goditi `please' < *ghedh- cannot be ruled out, cf. Latv. gadi^t `happen to find'.
Другие сближения: Gk. candŽnw `contain' [verb]; Lat. prehendЎ `take, seize' [verb]; OIc. geta `get, learn, guess' [verb]
Общая заметка: The etymological relationship with Go. qi±an etc. is plausible, but the fact that there is a synonymous verb -> *gѓda°ti presents a problem. Unless we wish to assume that the latter verb, which may contain a root *ghЎd-, originates from a variant of *gwet-, we may consider the possibility that we are dealing with two etymologically distinct roots that became mixed up.
Другие сближения: Go. qi±an `say, speak' [verb]
Примечания: {1} Possibly of Сербско-хорватский: origin.
Общая заметка: Slavic *glezn- and Germani forms such as OIc. klakkr, with a geminate arising from Kluge's law, point to a reconstruction *glegґh-n- for the Slavic form.
Общая заметка: LIV (200) reconstructs *ghlendh- because a proto-form with root-final *d would trigger Winter's law, which is not in agreement with the circumflex of the Balto-Slavic forms. It is unclear to me, however, what exactly is the evidence for a Balto-Slavic acute. The mobile accentuation of Ru. gljadeґt' (-> *ględĕti) is inconclusive, while there is ample evidence for *glę°dati, with fixed stress on an originally acute syllable. To my knowledg, there is no Baltic evidence for an original circumflex, the Латышский forms being ambiguous. I therefore prefer the reconstruction *ghlend-, which has the additional advantage of corresponding with the Germanic forms.
Литовский: glai~stas `layer of clay, plaster' [m o] 2/4
Общая заметка: Though masculine o-stems belonging to AP (b) in principle continue old neuters, I am uncertain if this holds for original oxytona, i.e. words that were already oxytone before Dybo's law. Here the reconstruction of an old oxytonon may account for the unexpected absence of a laryngeal in the root, which can now be attributed to the Early Slavic loss of laryngeals in pretonic position. In view of Hirt's law, which would have generated root stress, a reconstruction with a zero grade (*glh1it-toґ) is preferable. The semantically different Lith. glai~stas probably contains a old neuter.
Праславянская форма:*gli°va
Грамматические признаки: f. ѓ
Акцентная парадигма: a
Значение на праславянском: `fungus'
Страница в ЭССЯ: VI 129-130
Русский: gliґva (dial.) `bergamot (kind of pear)' [f ѓ]
Украинский: hliґva `bergamot (kind of pear), tree-fungus' [f ѓ]
Общая заметка: It is often assumed that the root of this adjective is connected with *gleubh, cf. Gk. glЪfw `cut out, engrave', but the presence of *ǫ < *oN (not *uN) can hardly be accounted for. Note that Slk. hlbokyґ seems to derive from glъbo°kъ.
Индоевропейская форма: *The Slavic and Baltic forms diagree as far as the ablaut grade of the root is concerned. In Slavic, we find zero grade in -> glъxnǫti.
Общая заметка: Verb in -nǫti containing the zeo grade of -> *glu?xъ. A variant with full grade also exists, e.g. Slk. hluchnuґt', Pl. gљuchna§cґ `become deaf, (sounds) subside'.
Общая заметка: The PIE form of the word for `nit' cannot easily be reconstructed, as we seem to be dealing with distortion of the anlaut for taboo reasons.
Общая заметка: If the original Акцентная парадигма was (c), the full grade *ghneiH-lo- is preferable because this shape of the root would not have triggered Hirt's law.
Другие сближения: The ESSJa holds that the forms mentioned above reflect a late variant *gn'usъ rather an original e-grade *gneus. In neither case would I expect a development *u > *ь. In order to get the desired reflex we must posit a comparatively early form *gnjus-. Here the *j could have been adopted from *gnjous- < *gneus-, but there is no evidence for variants with an e-grade. Lith. gniі~sas is probably a borrowing from BeloРусский: (thus Skardžius 1931: 76), though one may call it suspect that this is precisely the language that has forms containing a sequence gnju, e. g. gnjus `bastard, miser'.
Общая заметка: The suffix *-(V)mbh- is frequent in bird-names, but the origin of the root is unclear. The connection with Lat. columba is impossible within an Indo-European frame-work.
Общая заметка: Apparently, we a are dealing with a causative of the PIE root for `live', which in this framework is reconstructed as *gweH3i. In this case a root *gwoH3i would not yield the attested forms. The causative may have been based on the metathesized root *gwiH3, in which case we must reconstruct *gwoiH3-eie.
Общая заметка: The root of this adjective may be identified with the root of Lith. gale†ґti `be able' and W gallu `id.', which is best reconstructed as *gal(H), with an "European" a.
Праславянская форма:*golĕnь
Грамматические признаки: f. i
Значение на праславянском: `shin'
Страница в ЭССЯ: VI 201-202
Старославянский: golĕnь `shin' [f i]
Русский: goґlen' `shin' [f i]
Чешский: holen№ `shin' [f i]
Old Чешский:: holen№ `shin' [f i]
Словацкий: holen№ `shin (of animals), leg (of a boot)' [f i]
Old Чешский:: holet `hoar-frost' [f i], holti [Gens]
Словенский: golot `crystal' [m o]
Латышский: ga°le `thin crust of ice, remnants of ice on the road after the snow has gone' [f Њ]
Индоевропейская форма: *The ESSJa adheres to the view that *golotь is cognate with -> *go°lъ `naked' (cf. Berneker SEW I: 322). Seemingly more straightforward from a semantic point of view is the link with forms such as Lat. gelі `ice', which derives from *gel- or *gґel- `freeze'. On the other hand, it is a fact that there are compounds referring to `ice' that contain the adjective *go°lъ, e.g. #Ru. gololeґdica, #Pl. goљomroґz. Furthermore, the etymology that starts from the root `freeze' would give rise to the question of the relationship between the initial velars of *golotь and -> *xo?ldъ.
Общая заметка: In spite of the incompatibility of the initial consonants (*g : *k), it is tempting to connect the (Balto-)Slavic and the Germanic forms with Lat. calvus `bald' and Skt. kulva- `bald, thin-haired'.
Словенский: gǫґrji `worse, more impressive' [adj jo]; #Sln. gǫґrši `worse, more impressive, nicer' [adj jo]
Индоевропейская форма: *gєhor-
Страница у Покорного: 493
Общая заметка: Vaillant (1929) has compared *gorьjь to #Skt. gaґr–yas-, the comparative of guruґ- `heavy' < *gwrh2-uґ-. I see no formal objections to deriving *gorьjь from *gworh2-, but consider it more likely that we have to seek a connection with -> *go?r'e, etc.
Общая заметка: I have adopted the widespread view that *gǫba `tree-fungus' and gǫba `lip, mouth' are etymologically identical, the latter being secondary. Formally there are no problems. In the case of Cz. huba and houba we may be dealing with differentiation resulting from the generalization of either the short or the long variant of the root (the long variant originated from the so-called "Чешский: lengthening").
Праславянская форма:*gǫgnati; gǫgn§ati;
Грамматические признаки: v.
Значение на праславянском: `speak through the nose'
BeloРусский: gugnaґc' `speak through the nose' [verb]
Чешский: huhn№ati `speak through the nose' [verb]
Словацкий: huhn№at' `speak through the nose' [verb]
Польский: gugna§cґ (obs., dial.) `speak through the nose' [verb]
Словенский: gognjaґti `speak through the nose, murmur' [verb], gognja?m [1sg]
Болгарский: gaўґgna `speak through the nose' [verb]
Праславянская форма:*gǫgnavъ; gǫgn§avъ
Грамматические признаки: adj. o
Значение на праславянском: `speaking through the nose'
Страница в ЭССЯ: VII 81-82
Русский: gugnaґvyj (dial.) `speaking through the nose, unclearly' [adj o]; #Ru. gugnjaґvyj (dial.) `speaking through the nose, unclearly' [adj o]; #Ru. gunjaґvyj (dial.) `speaking through the nose, unclearly' [adj o]
Украинский: gugnaґvyj `speaking through the nose' [adj o]; #Ukr. gugnjaґvyj `speaking through the nose' [adj o]
Чешский: huhn№aґvy `speaking or spoken through the nose, nasal' [adj o]
Словенский: gognja°v `speaking through the nose' [adj o]
Болгарский: gaўgniґv `speaking through the nose' [adj o]
Праславянская форма:*gǫgniti
Грамматические признаки: v.
Значение на праславянском: `speak through the nose'
Страница в ЭССЯ: VII 82
Русский: gugniґti `tell, speak' [adj o]
Украинский: gugnyґty `speak through the nose' [adj o]
Болгарский: gaўgniґv `speaking through the nose' [adj o]
Праславянская форма:*gǫgnivъ
Грамматические признаки: adj. o
Значение на праславянском: `speaking through the nose'
Страница в ЭССЯ: VII 82
Старославянский: gǫgъnivъ `speaking thickly, speaking through the nose, dumb' [adj o]
Русский: gugniґvyj `speaking through the nose' [adj o]
Болгарский: gaўgniґv `speaking through the nose' [adj o]
Русский: guz (dial.) `behind, buttock, lower part of a sheaf, butt-end, bump' [m o]; guґza (Dal') `wrinkle, fold' [f ѓ]; guzaґ (Voron.) `lower part of a sheaf, butt-end' [f ѓ]
Общая заметка: Another instance of variation betweem ǫ and *u (see also -> *gyža). On the basis of OIc. kǫkkr `ball', we may reconstruct gongґ-. The connection with Gk. gТggroj `conger-eel, tubercular disease in olive-trees' and goggrwґnh `excrescence on the neck' is dubious, as the meaning `conger-eel' is generally regarded as primary. The comparison with Gk. gТgguloj `round, hard' seems more promising.
Другие сближения: OIc. kǫkkr `ball' [m]
Праславянская форма:*gǫžь
Грамматические признаки: m. jo
Страница в ЭССЯ: VII 93-94
Русский: guž `tug, cartage' [m jo], gužaґ [Gens]
Чешский: houž (dial.) `plait, braid' [m jo]
Словинцский: go†ґuё§ž `strap of a flail' [m jo]
Словенский: gǫґž `strap of a flail or yoke' [f i], goži? [Gens]
Болгарский: gaўž `band, bandage, turban' [m jo]
Индоевропейская форма: *gongh-
Certainty: -
Общая заметка: Probably a non-Indo-European word. We may reconstruct *gongh-io-.
Другие сближения: OIc. kengr `bend, hook' [m]
Праславянская форма:*gǫžьvь; gǫžьva
Грамматические признаки: f. i; f. ѓ
Страница в ЭССЯ: VII 94-95
Русский: guґžvaґ (dial.) `twig used for tying up' [m jo]
Чешский: houžev `braid or band made from twigs' [f i]
Польский: ga§z†va `strap of a flail' [f ѓ]
Словинцский: go†ґu§ž `strap of a flail' [m jo]
Сербско-хорватский: gu?žva `basket or braid from plaited twigs' [f i]
Словенский: gǫґžva `braid from plaited twigs' [f ѓ]
Общая заметка: In Balto-Slavic and Germanic, the roots *ghrebh- `dig, rake' and *ghreb- `seize, grab' were mixed up to a considerable degree (Kortlandt 1988, Derksen 1991: 321-322).
Общая заметка: #Lith. gruґodas `frozen earth or mud' 3 is probably cognate with -> *grǫda, *gruda `heap, lump', Lith. grіґdas `corn', etc., as advocated by the ESSJa and Fraenkel.
Другие сближения: Lat. hrѓduґni- `hail(-stone)' [f]; Lat. grandЎ `hail' [f]; Arm. karkut `hail'
Общая заметка: In Slavic has *gręz- corresponding to Lith. grimzd-. In Латышский, where the *z was eliminated analogically due to reanalysis of the sta-present, there are forms with a root grimd- (see Endzelin 1922: 582). The situation is reminiscent of PSl. -> *loza° vs. #Lith. lazda°.
Общая заметка: Adjectival derivative of -> *groza°. Sln. groґzЌn `stately, beautiful' has been compared to #Latv. gręzns `beautiful, lush, proud', #Lith. gražu°s, #Lith. gra~žnas `beautiful'. Though this is an intriguing idea, it seems hardly plausbile that the Словенский: adjective is to be separated from the other Slavic forms.
Примечания: {1} Only grozъnu Dsg.m. and grozъnoe Asg.n.
Общая заметка: These words are usually considered cognate with #Latv. grau^ds `grain', #OIc. grautr `groats', etc., in which case the root is *ghroud-. The nasal in Pl. gra§d may be secondary. I have adopted the ESSJa's set of lemmata, but it should be noted that the evidence for a nasalized vowel is very limited. One may wonder if the o-stem *grǫdъ belongs here. The reconstructions with *ǫ are partly based on the suggested connections with -> *gręda and grǫ?dь, neither of which is beyond doubt. Forms such as #Bulg. gaўrdaґ `breast', which points to a nasal, may not belong here.
Общая заметка: The connection with -> *gruda, etc., is not entirely certain. An exception must be made for -> grǫdъ, which has a nasalized vowel and is semantically close.
Примечания: {1} AP (c) in Древнерусский:: (Zaliznjak 1985: 138).
Значение на праславянском: `fester in the cornes of the eyes, gramiae'
Страница в ЭССЯ: VII 158-159
Церковно-славянский: grьmĕždь (RuCS) `pus in the eye, gramiae' [m jo]; #CS gremĕždь (RuCS) `pus in the eye, gramiae' [m jo]; #CS gromĕždь (RuCS) `pus in the eye, gramiae' [m jo]
Сербско-хорватский: kr°mЊlj `fester in the corners of the eyes' [f i]; #SCr. kr?mЊlj `fester in the corners of the eyes' [f i]; #SCr. C№ak. krmЊlji? (Vrgada) `gramiae' [Nompm jo??]; #SCr. C№ak. kr?mežalj (Orbanicґi) `sty, sleep (in the eyes)' [m jo]
Словенский: krmęґlj `fester in the corners of the eyes' [m jo]; #Sln. krme•ґžЌlj `fester in the corners of the eyes' [m jo]
Другие сближения: Lat. gramiae `viscous humour, rheum that collects in the corner of the eyes' [Nompf]; Go. qrammi±a `moisture' [f]
Общая заметка: The most widely accepted etymology, going back to Pogodin 1903, derives *gumьno° from the words for `cow' (-> *govędo ) and `trample' (-> *męti). A reconstruction in PIE terms would be *gєh3eu-mnёH-om.
Общая заметка: On the basis of Balto-Slavic, we may propose a reconstruction *gґhuoigґh-dheh1-, but considering the fact that in Литовский we find #Lith. žvai(g)zde†~ alongside #Lith. žvai(g)žde†~ (with assimilation?), the reconstruction *gґhuoidh-dheh1- is a serious alternative, cf. #Latv. zvaidr–t, #Latv. zviedr–t `shimmer, shine'. Латышский forms with zvaig, e.g. zvaigala `cow with a star-shaped blaze' may be based on zva°igzne. Pokorny's reconstruction *g^huёoigє- is basd on the connection with Gk. fo‹boj `pure, bright, radiant', which I consider untenable.
Древнепольский: giz†a `leg of pig or cattle, ham' [f jѓ]
Сербско-хорватский: gi?(d)ža (dial.) `stump of a vine' [f jѓ]
Болгарский: giґža `vine, stump of a cut off vine' [f ѓ]
Прабалто-славянская форма: *gunЂzґiёaЂ
Литовский: gі~že†, gіґže† `head of cabbage, (dial.) gizzard' [f Њ]; #Lith. gіžy~s `gizzard, (dial.) tip of the thighbone, head of cabbage, Adam's apple' [m io] 3/4; #Lith. gіґžis `gizzard, breastbone, tip of the holy bone of birds, elbow of a wing, protuberance (on the nose)' [f i] 1; #Lith. gunžy~s (Z№em.) `gizzard' [m io] 3
Латышский: gu~ža `thigh, ham' [f jѓ]
Общая заметка: The Baltic material points unambiguously to an acute root, which is in agreement with the vocalism of *gyža, whether *y reflects *unЂ or *uЂ. The reconstruction of a nasal is only based on the Z№emaitian form and therefore less secure. On the other hand, it facilitates the connection with -> *gǫzъ, *gǫza, though it must be admitted that there is also evidence for -> *guzъ. Another form containing a nasal is #Lith. gu°nga `hump, hunch', where the *gґ was apparently depalatalized, unless we assume that this word is not related. Still more remote is #Lith. guga° `bump, knot (in wood), withers', where apart from the nasal also the glottalization is absent, cf. #Ru. guґglja (dial.) `bump', #Pl. guga `id.', #Lith. gau~garas ` mountain top'.
Общая заметка: Formally *gъrdъ may be cognate with #Lith. gurdu°s 4 `weak, slow, uncommunicative, stiff', Latv. gur~ds `tired, weary', even though strictly speaking the mobility of the Slavic form does not correspond with the fixed stress reflected by the Латышский form. The meaning `uncommunicative, stiff' attested in Литовский is close to the meaning of the Slavic adjective, but one wonders if we are dealing with Slavic influence here. If there is an etymological relationship between the Baltic and Slavic forms, we may connect BSl. *gurЂdus with Gk. bradЪj `slow, dull, sluggish' < *gєrdus.
Общая заметка: In my opinion, it is preferable to separate *gъrbъ from -> *grǫbъ, *grubъ `coarse, rude'. Of course, the roots may have influenced one another. We may reconstruct *grbh-, if we wish to stick to Indo-European terms, perhaps an enlarged variant of a root meaning `bend' (cf. Mažiulis PKEZ№ IV: 324-326).
Примечания: {1} The emendation is justified by many place-names, e.g. Gailgarben or Geylegarben `Weissenberg'.
).